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对于职责链模式,一般是这么定义的:使多个对象都有机会处理请求,从而避免请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系,即——将这些对象连成一条(处理)链,并沿着这条链传递该请求,直到这条链结束同时有一个对象处理它为止。
最经典的职责链模式应用就是JavaEE规范中web.xml的filter了,filters按照配置的顺序,依次处理根据其mapping条件过滤得到的web请求(response)/应答(request),从而可以实现诸如编码转换、事务封装、页面缓存等众多“职责”。
给出职责链模式的适用范围:
1、有多个的对象可以处理一个请求,哪个对象处理该请求运行时刻自动确定。
2、想在不明确指定接收者的情况下,向多个对象中的一个提交一个请求。
3、可处理一个请求的对象集合需要被动态指定。
下面这个范例模拟了一个软件行业中常见的项目处理流程,为一个项目(Project对象)的职责人员构造了一条处理链,然后向这个项目发出处理指令——从而在这条链上引发相关职责人员的处理。代码如下:
职责的接口定义,所有的职责人员都要具有这些功能:加入下一职责对象、处理消息(即行使职责)、获得下一职责对象。
package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * The interface of the chain You can use AddChain function to modify the chain * dynamically. * * @author <a href="mailto:huqiyes@gmail.com">huqi</a> * @serialData 2007 */ public interface Chain ... { public void addChain(Chain c); public void sendToChain(String mesg); public Chain getChain();} 以下就是我们流程中所有的职责人员实现啦,依次为经理、项目经理、程序员、测试员及其它,它们根据mesg参数分别处理自己的消息——即行使特定的职责。
package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * A beginner of the chain The resposibility of manager is to get a project */ public class Manager implements Chain ... { private Chain nextChain = null; private static final String Responsibility = "Getting Project"; public void addChain(Chain c) ...{ nextChain = c; } public Chain getChain() ...{ return nextChain; } public void sendToChain(String mesg) ...{ if (mesg.equals(Responsibility)) ...{ System.out.println("A Manager --> " + mesg); } else ...{ if (nextChain != null) ...{ nextChain.sendToChain(mesg); } } }} package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * A member of the chain The resposibility of PM is to design the project */ public class ProjectManager implements Chain ... { private Chain nextChain = null; private static final String Responsibility = "Design"; public void addChain(Chain c) ...{ nextChain = c; } public Chain getChain() ...{ return nextChain; } public void sendToChain(String mesg) ...{ if (mesg.equals(Responsibility)) ...{ System.out.println("A Project Manager --> " + mesg); } else ...{ if (nextChain != null) ...{ nextChain.sendToChain(mesg); } } }} package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * A member of the chain The resposibility of Programmer is coding */ public class Programmer implements Chain ... { private Chain nextChain = null; private static final String Responsibility = "Coding"; public void addChain(Chain c) ...{ nextChain = c; } public Chain getChain() ...{ return nextChain; } public void sendToChain(String mesg) ...{ if (mesg.equals(Responsibility)) ...{ System.out.println("A Programmer --> " + mesg); } else ...{ if (nextChain != null) ...{ nextChain.sendToChain(mesg); } } }} package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * A member of the chain<br> * The resposibility of QA is test */ public class QA implements Chain ... { private Chain nextChain = null; private static final String Responsibility = "Testing"; public void addChain(Chain c) ...{ nextChain = c; } public Chain getChain() ...{ return nextChain; } public void sendToChain(String mesg) ...{ if (mesg.equals(Responsibility)) ...{ System.out.println("A QA --> " + mesg); } else ...{ if (nextChain != null) ...{ nextChain.sendToChain(mesg); } } }} package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * The end of the chain<br> * The resposibility of Others is handle exeception */ public class Others implements Chain ... { private Chain nextChain = null; public void addChain(Chain c) ...{ nextChain = c; } public Chain getChain() ...{ return nextChain; } public void sendToChain(String mesg) ...{ System.out.println("None can handle --> " + mesg); }} 下面当然是测试的主程序了,首先我们按照顺序初始化这条“链”——项目来了,先是部门经理过目,然后交给相关项目经理做设计,有了设计程序员就可以编码了,完工后测试人员测试,最后来到职责链末尾结束(当然,真实的情况下,不会有这么顺利的项目:-)。注意我们在这里定义了一个Project类,将由它的对象引发这条“链”的连锁反应。
package com.alex.designpattern.chainofresponsibility; /** */ /** * 职责链模式 * <p> * 使多个对象都有机会处理请求,从而避免请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系。<br> * 将这些对象连成一条链,并沿着这条链传递该请求,直到有一个对象处理它为止。 * * @author <a href="mailto:huqiyes@gmail.com">huqi</a> * @serialData 2007 */ public class Test ... { public static void main(String[] args) ...{ Project project = new Project(); Manager aManager = new Manager(); ProjectManager aPM = new ProjectManager(); Programmer aProgrammer = new Programmer(); QA aQA = new QA(); Others others = new Others(); // init chain aManager.addChain(aPM); aPM.addChain(aProgrammer); aProgrammer.addChain(aQA); aQA.addChain(others); project.setChain(aManager); project.getChain().sendToChain("Getting Project"); project.getChain().sendToChain("Design"); project.getChain().sendToChain("Coding"); project.getChain().sendToChain("Testing"); project.getChain().sendToChain("Over"); }} class Project ... { private Chain chain; public Chain getChain() ...{ return chain; } public void setChain(Chain chain) ...{ this.chain = chain; }} 结合这个例子,那就很容易理解web.xml中常用的filter了吧,每个filter都是职责链中的一环,它们按照自己的职责过滤web的请求、应答……这就是职责链模式。